Remote Sensing (RS)
Mahsa Jahanbakhsh; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction In recent years, we have seen the importance and high demand of lithium (Li) due to its many applications, for example in the production of rechargeable lithium batteries, which are mainly related to the global markets of electric vehicle manufacturing to achieve a healthy environment and more suitable transportation. Due to this high demand, the identification of new lithium reserves is very important and the investigation of its identification and zoning methods has been the focus of many researchers, and the use of remote sensing data and image processing techniques in the detection of lithium due to cost reduction of earth exploration has increased, greatly.In this research, using modern methods, a general and intelligent approach was presented, so that with the least time and cost, after selecting the bands of the desired satellite images and zoning the area of Degh Ptergan, in Zirkoh city, South Khorasan province, as a possible area for the existence of lithium reserves, modeling was done by the supervised machine learning method, and the relative importance of the variables was determined using the trained model.Also, the relative importance of the variables was determined by the trained model, and the ability of each of the remote sensing techniques to achieve this goal has been challenged.Materials& Methods Here, 13 bands of Sentinel-2 images and the region of 12 known lithium mines around the world were used as lithium presence areas, so that, by going through steps, suitable data for modeling were produced. In this way, by using the boundaries of these mines, samples were produced that can be used as input for modeling algorithms. The maximum entropy algorithm was used to model the distribution of lithium samples. Since the correlation between the input variables reduces the performance of the model and makes it difficult to interpret the results of the modeling, first, the correlation between the input variables was calculated and those with a high correlation were discarded. So that, 16 variables were used as input in the maximum entropy algorithm and finally a suitable model was obtained with the AUC (Area Under the Curve) criterion of 0.706 and by it, the study area of Degh Patregan, located in the province South Khorasan, Iran was zoned and two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified.To determine the relative importance and contribution of the input variables in the prediction map of lithium minerals, the Jacknife method was implemented. According to this method, the variables B10, B06/B08, B06/B07 and B01/B10 have a high relative importance, which shows that they have more information than the other variables. Then classic remote sensing techniques including color composition, band ratio, principal component analysis and SAM was done to zone the study area, too. The results of maximum entropy modeling were compared with these techniques and the high ability of the maximum entropy algorithm was determined.Results & Discussion According to the results and prediction maps related to the classical methods, it showed that although some of these methods approximately identified the areas specified by the maximum entropy algorithm, but they had problems that is emphasized on the development of more suitable remote sensing algorithms to describe the changes associated with lithium minerals. The maximum entropy algorithm with its unique options is a powerful tool for extracting the features of satellite images and expresses their hidden information more clearly. The accuracy of this method was compared with classical techniques and it was able to provide a more appropriate classification with a low noise and with a Kappa coefficient of 0.8775 and an overall accuracy of 0.9435, and identified two areas with the possibility of the presence of lithium minerals in the study area.Conclusion & SuggestionsIn the present research, the study area of Degh Patergan, located in South Khorasan province, Iran, was zoned, whereby two possible areas containing lithium resources were identified and the ability of classical remote sensing methods and maximum entropy algorithm was challenged. The method discussed in the research may be used as a cost-effective and technological solution with priority over field mapping for mineral exploration in remote border areas with difficult access, also an automatic approach with the maximum entropy algorithm was presented for the exploration of different mineral resources, which can be used for other exploration as well. Therefore, it is suggested to be used in different areas and to explore different sources.
Saeid Mahmoodizadeh; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Extended Abstract Introduction Information obtained from change detection processes in urban regions has a remarkable effect on urban planning and management. Due to the variety of land coversin urban regions, they are considered as a complex region extracting information from which is quite challengeable. ...
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Extended Abstract Introduction Information obtained from change detection processes in urban regions has a remarkable effect on urban planning and management. Due to the variety of land coversin urban regions, they are considered as a complex region extracting information from which is quite challengeable. Hence, independent application ofoptical and radar data in changedetection may result in improper recognition of some altered regions and falsification ofobtained results. These two sensors record different kinds of information from different phenomenonat the earth’s surface, and thus can be considered as complementing each other. So, the fusion of these two data sources (radar and optical) can improve the detection of altered area. Radar data do not depend on the sun and atmospheric conditions and has thus gained much attention. In fact, radar data provide information on the spatial and geometrical characteristics of the geographical features, while optical sensors are sensitive to the reflectance of different surfaces at visible and infrared wavelengths.Therefore, the surface reaction is different in optical and radar data. Application of radar data in urban regions is limited merely due to the dependence of the intensity data (i) on the incidence angle and the speckle noise.On the other hand, independent application of optical data cannot produce accurate results in urban regions due to the spectral similarity of materials. And since the nature of these two types of images is different, it seems that their fusion improves and increases the accuracy of the information collectedfrom urban areas. Materials and Methodology Considering thebenefits of optical and radar data integrationas well as the application of unsupervised techniques in change detection studies, the present research has developed an unsupervised method for the integration of optical and radar data in order to detect changes. The area under study is a region located in the northwestof Mashhad city in northeastern Iran which has experienced considerable changes in its land cover from 2016 to 2018. Optical and radar dataare used toevaluate the proposed method. Optical data consists of a pair of multispectral imagesacquired from Sentinel-2 in 9/2016 and 9/2018. Radar data consists of a pair of SAR imagesacquired from Sentinel-1 in 9/2016 and 9/2018. The proposed method was used to integrate radar and optical data with the aim of obtaining a single band image with a higher information content. This method is an effective solution used to integrate data and reduce data dimensions from n to one dimension. In this method, necessary preprocessing was first performed on the radar and optical data, and then the characteristics extracted from optical and radar images were integratedpixel-to-pixel. technique was used to integrate these characteristics and detect changes. Generally in this method, input is divided into two categories of radar and optical data. The optical characteristics include spectral indices calculated from different bands at t1 and t2. These indices include NDVI, ARVI, SAVI, NDWI, NDBI, which are efficient for studying and identifying three types of land cover: vegetation, water and residential areas. In fact, to reduce the effects of topography and image brightness and to increase the possibility of detecting and segregating geographical features, the spectral indices were used as the input of optical part. Normalized ratio images obtained from the VV and VH polarizations of the radar images at t1 and t2 were considered as the input of radar data part. Then, a weight was estimated for each feature entering the segment using the PSO algorithm. Since the present study seeks to estimate the optimal weight of characteristics extracted from optical and radar images and ultimately to combine these features and obtain a single-band image, each particle in this algorithm contains the n weight of the extracted features from the images. OTSU thresholding techniquewhich is the relation used for inter-class variance maximization is also used as thecost function to assess the particles. In this function, the weight of each characteristic should be selected in a way that the inter-class (two classes of altered and unaltered regions)variancereaches its maximum value and the most optimal threshold limit can be estimated. The output of the proposed method will be a single-band image with higher information content. After applying the OTSU threshold limit, two classesof altered and unaltered regions are formed. The proposed method was also compared with other unsupervised change detection methods. Results Findings of the present study indicate high efficiency and accuracy of the method developed for changedetection. In this method, the ratio of pixels wronglydetected to the total number of evaluated pixels was 9.21% which is the lowest value. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients of the classification were respectively 90.79 and 0.819, which were the highest values compared to the other methods used in the present study. Conclusion Considering the benefits of optical and radar data integration, as well as unsupervised techniques application in change detection study, the present research has developed an unsupervised method for integration of optical and radar data andchangedetection. This unsupervised method for data integration is usedto achieve a single band image with higher information content. The technique makes it possible to integrate the optical and radar data and reduce data dimensions from n to one. For all input characteristics entering section, a weight was estimated using PSO algorithm. Since the proposed method is unsupervised, OTSU thresholding technique which is the relation used for inter-class variance maximization, is also used to assess the particles. The results have revealed high capability of the proposed method todetectchanges witha higher accuracy.
Farzad Foroozani; Mohammad Reza Malek; Ali Esmaeily
Abstract
Abstract
The Distribution networks are the most important part of the utilities that distribute electrical energy to the consumers. Problems with location-referenced information such as inaccuracy, inability to control information, and lack of rapid access to information are considered as technical ...
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Abstract
The Distribution networks are the most important part of the utilities that distribute electrical energy to the consumers. Problems with location-referenced information such as inaccuracy, inability to control information, and lack of rapid access to information are considered as technical problems. The complexity of updating information, the complexities related to information storage and wearing out are no exception to this rule. Existing technical problems and the failure to use the new systems in the relief issue will prolong the duration of the blackout. The purpose of this research is to design and implement a context aware spatial information system for providing a series of services such as routing, map displaying, and the provision of distribution network information in the field of urban electricity distribution incidents. Urban electricity distribution networks consist of various parts and equipment. The rescuer determines the type of failure due to available and accessible network information. The failure type is considered as the user's environmental context, and the location of the rescue vehicle is considered as the location context. Therefore, the context in this study are classified into two general categories of position and network context. Finally, the implementation and testing of a designed to help managing the urban electrical distribution networks was studied which resulted in 80% satisfaction.
